Emergence of Islam in the subcontinent
During the reign of the Umayyad Caliph Walid bin Abdul Malik, Hajjaj bin Yusuf was appointed governor of the eastern provinces. He sent his son-in-law Mohammad bin Qasim on an expedition against the Sindh king Dahir in 712 AD. Dahir was miserably defeated and killed in the battle. Muhammad bin Qasim's conquest of Indus led to the emergence of Islam in the subcontinent. About 300 years after Muhammad bin Qasim's conquest of Indus, Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni conducted 17 expeditions to the western part of the subcontinent from 1000-1027 AD.
Mayezuddin Mohammad bin Sams is known in history as Shihabuddin Mohammad Ghori. Some historians call the Ghurids a Persian race, but historian Lenpool calls them descendants of the Afghan race. Once the Ghur Empire was established in Ghazni, Muhammad Ghur concentrated on expanding his empire in the subcontinent. In 1191 AD Mohammad Ghuri fought the first battle of Tarain against Prithbir Chauhan. But Ghuri returned home badly defeated and wounded in this battle.
The next year in 1192 AD he was born again. led the Second Battle of Tarain against the Chauhans and won the battle. Prithviraj Chauhan was killed in this battle; As a result, the way to establish a Muslim empire in the subcontinent or in India was paved. Mohammad Ghuri entrusted the administration of the subcontinent to his noble commander Qutbuddin Aibek and returned to Ghazni.
Delhi Sultanate
Slave Lineage: Qutbuddin Aibek was a slave of Mohammad Ghori. Later he became the commander of Ghuri. He established Muslim rule in Delhi after the conquest of India with the permission of Mohammad Ghuri. Qutubuddin Aibek was the founder of permanent Muslim rule in the subcontinent. He is also called the founder of the Das dynasty. Qutubuddin Aibek was a native of Turkistan. That is why the rule of Qutbuddin Aybek and his successors is also identified as the early Turkish rule. He was called 'Lakhbox' for his generosity. The construction of Delhi's Qutub Minar began during his reign. He could not complete the construction of the minaret. Qutub Minar is named after the famous saint Qutubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki of Delhi. Iltutmish was the son-in-law of Qutbuddin Aibek. He was the best of the early Turkish sultans. He is said to be the real founder of the Delhi Sultanate. He was the first Muslim ruler in India to issue coins. He completed the construction of Qutub Minar. Iltutmish's daughter Sultana Razia was the first Muslim woman to ascend the throne of Delhi. Sultan Nashir Uddin Mahmud was known as 'Fakir Badshah' for his simple and unpretentious lifestyle. He made a living by copying Qurans and sewing hats. Sultan Ghiyasuddin was a patron of intellectuals and geniuses. Amir Khusru, known as the 'Parrot of India', was his poet laureate.
Khalji dynasty: Alauddin Khalji ascended the throne of Delhi in 1296 AD. The traveler Ibn Battuta called Alauddin Khilaj the best Sultan of Delhi. He became the first Muslim ruler to conquer South India. His general Malik Kafur first conquered the Deccan in 1306 AD. Alauddin Khalji introduced price and market control system.
Tughluq dynasty: Muhammad bin Tughluq ascended the throne in 1325. Muhammad bin Tughluq shifted the central capital of the empire from Delhi to Devagiri to alleviate the immediate difficulties of governing the state. He fixed the monetary value by introducing symbolic copper coins instead of gold and silver coins. The measures required to prevent coin counterfeiting were not there in those days. As a result, currency counterfeiting started on a large scale. For this Sultan had to abandon this plan. Mahmud Shah was the last sultan of the Tughluq dynasty. The famous Turkish hero Timur was the ruler of Samarkand in Central Asia. He was nicknamed Timur Long as one of his legs became lame in childhood. Timur invaded India in 1398. Mahmud Shah did not have the power to stop Timur. He entered Delhi unimpeded. After killing and plundering freely for about three months, he returned with vast wealth.
Khanjahan Ali
Khan Jahan Ali was a Muslim missionary and a local ruler of Bagerhat, Bangladesh. He defeated King Ganesha and raised the flag of Islam in the south-western part of Bengal. He built the famous 'Six Dome Mosque' located in Bagerhat district. Although the name of the mosque is Shatgambuj, the number of domes in the mosque is total 81. There are sixty columns or pillars inside the mosque. There are four minarets at the four corners of the mosque. It is the largest medieval mosque in Bangladesh. In 1983, UNESCO declared the Six-Domed Mosque a World Heritage Site.
Lodi Dynasty: The Delhi Sultanate fell with the defeat of Ibrahim Lodi, the last Sultan of the Lodi dynasty of Delhi, by Babur in 1526 at the First Battle of Panipat.
Mughal Empire
Mughal Empire Zahir Uddin Mohammad Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 and established the Mughal Empire.
Battle of Panipat Panipat is a city in the state of Haryana in northwestern India. It is located on the banks of Yamuna river. Here is the battle of Panipat in the history of Indian subcontinent.
Mughal Empire Zahir Uddin Mohammad Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 and established the Mughal Empire.
Battle of Panipat Panipat is a city in the state of Haryana in northwestern India. It is located on the banks of Yamuna river. Three important battles in the history of the Indian subcontinent, known as the Battle of Panipat, took place here. The first battle of Panipat was fought in 1526. Emperor Babur used cannon for the first time in this war. This was the first use of cannon in a war in Indian history. The Second Battle of Panipat was fought in 1556 between Akbar's general Bairam Khan and the Afghan leader Himu. Himu was defeated and killed in this battle and Akbar occupied Delhi. The victory in this battle ended the Mughal-Afghan conflict in the Indian subcontinent. The third battle of Panipat was fought in 1761 AD between Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Marathas. Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas in this battle. The title of the Maratha rulers was Peshwa.
Muslin
Muslin is a fine cloth made from cotton fibers. Muslin was a luxury of Mughal emperors.
Genealogy of Mughal Emperors
Zahir Uddin Mohammad Babar
Emperor Humayun
Emperor Akbar
Emperor Shah Jahan
Emperor Jahangir
Emperor Aurangzeb
Emperor Bahadur Shah II (Last Mughal Emperor)
Zahir Uddin Mohammad became famous in history as 'Babur' for his bravery and fearlessness. Babur was born in Fargana, which is part of present-day Turkistan. Babur was the founder of the Mughal Empire. In his autobiographical book 'Tuk-e-Babar', Babur has beautifully recorded the history of his life's triumphs and defeats. After Babur's death, his eldest son Humayun ascended the throne of Delhi in 1530. In 1538 AD Emperor Humayun entered Bengal and captured Gaur. He changed the name of Gaur Nagar to 'Jannatabad'. He stayed in Bengal for eight months and left for Delhi. But on the way Shershah ambushed Humayun at Chausar near Buxar. Defeated in the Battle of Chaucer (1539), Humayun somehow reached Delhi with his life. In the following year (1540), he again conducted an expedition against Shershah. But he was again defeated in the Battle of Bilgram near Kanauj. The victorious Sher Shah ascended the throne of Delhi.
